100 Original Research Paper Topics For Students in 2019

100 Best Ideas for Research Paper Topics in 2019 The discussion you have started should be provoking and intriguing. If your statement is unique and interesting, you will definitely get a high grade and respect from your professors. Writing a research paper even though may seem challenging is a substantial part of everyday student life. You are required to write at least one research paper in a semester for the majority of the subjects. Do not underestimate research projects, as they demand a huge effort and a lot of time from you. Nevertheless, do not let your research paper assignment give you anxiety and influence your overall studies. To minimize worries and inconsistencies while working on the research paper you must be sure in your research paper topic. There are times when you are assigned to the topic but more frequently, you will have to create a topic by yourself. The whole research should be built around or from the topic. In order to choose an interesting topic, which will demonstrate your best talents, you should keep reading. How to select the best research paper topic? When choosing your research paper topic, you need to make sure it is neither boring nor worn out. An interesting innovative topic will intrigue the readers and motivate them to read your whole research. But if you don’t know how to create a topic on your own, use  help  of our editors in topic creation.  There are some things to consider when selecting an appropriate topic: THE FIELD OF YOUR INTEREST There is no secret that you will not be able to write a good insightful research paper if you are not interested in the subject overall and in the topic in particular. If on the other hand the topic is linked to the field of your interest, you may consider yourself lucky. It would be easier to explore the theme and write about it. You may even find some additional resources on your computer or I cloud service for the topic, which excites you. If you enjoy science, you are sure to talk non-stop about it. The same goes for writing. A TOPIC SHOULD BE DEFINITE You need to be sure to understand everything clearly when you choose an  essay topic. Do not hesitate to ask questions if there are some unclear points. The more you understand the simpler it is for you to write a successful research paper. If the indistinct issues are still at large, it is advisable to leave this topic be and simply select another one. You need to show the readers that you master of the topic and not a confused newbie who does not know what he or she is talking about. BE PRECISE AND SPECIFIC You need to understand completely that you are not writing a descriptive essay. A research paper is an accurate and thorough work, which is based on facts details. You cannot add watery text about anything into the paper. Your statement should be supported with examples or reference other profound research and academical works. BE INNOVATIVE This advice may seem dull if you are working on historical paper. How innovative can you get discussing French revolution or Perl Harbor? However, an innovative approach can give you the edge among other students. A topic should address the matter from a different and surprising perspective. With a deep investigation, you may even find the unknown until now facts that can blow your readers’ minds. This approach will intrigue your readers and will make research paper stand out. Visit Samples   to brainstorm possible research paper topics and find relevant paper examples. It is 1000+ papers database. Besides samples, you can find excellent writing tools such as Plagiarism Checker, Title Page Maker and many more.   Ideas for Research Paper Topics Without a good topic, writing a research paper can be a student’s worst nightmare or biggest undoing. So, how do you come up with one? Whether you choose to brainstorm, discuss with classmates, read topic prompts, sample papers, magazines, journals, blogs, or books – there are more than a dozen ways to get it right. Research Paper Topic by Category We pick our research papers by category. Examples include, but are not limited to the following: Argumentative research paper topics Here, you must argue out your points – for and against. Moreover, you have to present facts to demonstrate a clear understanding of the topic. Your introduction and concluding paragraph must be equally strongly worded. Take a look at the following argumentative research topics examples: Topic in sports: Possible areas of misunderstanding. The minimum wage rate in your country or state. Homelessness: Who is to blame? Do we need shorter working weeks? Should corporal punishment be abolished in schools? The ideal age of consuming alcohol. Persuasive research paper topics Sometimes people get skeptical even with the grittiest subjects. As a speaker or writer, it is your responsibility to persuade the reader about an issue. Persuasive writing, therefore, should move people from a state of unbelief to belief, or simply shake their emotions. If, for example, you want to convince people coffee is good for their bodies, then you must do it artistically, and with great rhetorical influence. Take a look at these examples of persuasive research topics: Using animals to conduct research experiments is wrong. Parents should monitor the websites their children visit. Domestic gender violence is on the rise. Children exposure to media: do parental controls work? There are many cyber crimes today, and it is set to increase. America should adopt a policy of non-involvement in global conflicts. Controversial topics for research paper There are people who like to court controversy whenever they say or do something, more so, in public. A good example here is an activist. Whether it is advocacy for gay rights or same-sex marriage, writing on issues like these can be painstakingly difficult. So, you must put your act together right from the beginning, and controversial topics for research paper like the following will most certainly get you moving in the right direction: Gay partners and child adoption. Surrogate mothers and societal worldview. Violence in media content. STEM subjects should be mandatory. Sex education in middle school. Should homework be abolished? Are you having a hard time looking for a comprehensive research paper topic? Try to find the best one by using our topic generation tool. Best research paper topics 2018 Presumably, you have picked a research topic from the above categories for your paper. However, a good college student knows there is always number one, two, three and so forth. Here is a comprehensive list of some of the best you will come across: Is college education efficient for the job market? Should colleges be faith-based and not knowledge-based institutions? Should universities have special accommodation facilities for the disabled? How has the institution of marriage changed in the postmodern world? Is there a difference between a man and a woman’s heart? What are the possible health benefits of childbearing and parenting? Explore possible causes of child labor and how to prevent it. The significance of ethics to business and how to control bad behavior. How is cross-border BPO affecting the gross domestic product in your country? Which companies will make it to the top 5 best in the next decade? Terrorism and how it affects businesses. Are universities becoming business-driven? Causes of acquaintance rape and how to prevent it. Should licensed gun holders be allowed to carry their weapons to school? Ex-convicts and job searching. Is it difficult finding employment?   Should colleges pay student-athletes and how should they do it? What should be the basis of workplace promotion: seniority, degree, or performance evaluation? The significance of Search Engine Optimization to businesses today. Should women be allowed into extreme sports? Is feminism changing American society? Research paper topics by levels of education Notably, topic difficulty or complexity varies with the level of education. A graduate student will write a high school essay with great ease, while the reverse will result in a lot of difficulties on the part of the student. In this post, we also help you choose topics based on your academic level while bearing in mind that research paper writing lends credence to student performance. High school research paper topics If you are a student in high school, here is a list of topics that will comply with your level of education, hence count for the top best high school research paper topics: Should the government legalize the use of smartphones in high school classrooms? Leadership training in high school. Are secondary schools doing enough in harnessing the debating skills of students? Explore Plato’s philosophy of mathematics. College Research Paper Topics Next are college research paper topics to choose from. They include the following: Explore the design and construction of thermal plants around the globe. Analyze how the free software movement is positively transforming the world. Analyze cognitive development in children. How does the government assess the health care needs of communities? Pre-election and the effects on voter conduct. Discuss how to plan for college tuition. How does menstruation affect young girls? Substance abuse among college students and its effects on their performance and behavior. What brings about societal stereotypes? Factual evidence that AIDs originated from monkeys. Research paper topics by Subject Another way of choosing the best research paper topic is based on the subject, whether you are a college or high school student. Whether it is on biology, physical sciences, literature, history, or psychology, this approach works at all levels of education. Research Paper Topics on Technology Cyber security: can we really be safe? How can technologies help in preventing terrorist attacks? How close did we get to the Artificial Intelligence? What technological innovations promise to change the third decade of the 21st  century? How do regular people influence the technological progress? What technologies does NASA use to explore Mars? How did Bill Gates and Steve Jobs change the world? How did cloud technologies change data storing? Can virtual reality substitute an actual reality? What is the future of the internet? Research Paper Topics on Environment How did climate change in the recent 30 years? Why do some believe global warming to be a hoax? What are the best ways to reduce global warming? How does global warming alter wildlife? Ocean pollution: unseen tragedies. Effective ways of reducing air pollution. How can alternative types of energy help to preserve Earth natural resources? Endangered species – how can we preserve them? Recycling. What did you do to make the world a better place? Drinking water for all – how can we achieve it? Research Paper Topics on Legal Issues How do torrenting sites influence creativity and copyright? Should marijuana be legalized on the governmental level? How did legalization of the same-sex marriages influence the USA? Are punishments for sex crimes fair? Should there be a law preventing cyber bullying? Where is the line between artistic photos and pornography? How does a new adoption law in Russia refuse orphans their chance for happiness? Various laws on abortion around the world. Countries with effective legal execution. How do prostitution laws differ around the world? Topics on Business How can one turn a business idea into a successful startup? How can creative marketing increase the sales? Does taxation aim to kill small businesses? Effective time management for big and small teams. Is multitasking a productive method of work? Sexual harassment in the working environment. Google: how benefits can make your employees happy. How do big corporations regularly break the laws and get away with it? What are minimum wages around the world? Should The Universal Declaration of Human Rights control them?   What were the most successful businesses in the thirst decade of the 21st  century? Topics on World Politics How did Angela Merkel change Europe? Impeachment against Donald Trump: will it happen? The consequences of Brexit for European values. Is Vladimir Putin sponsoring global terrorism? How can world politicians unite against the threat that Russia poses? Can North and South Korea unite again? How can we eliminate dictatorial regimes in the 21st  century? Conflicts in Africa Do refugees pose any threat to the hosting country? How can the world unite to fight racism? Topics on Religion Is Christianity at its dusk? Can any religion justify crimes against humanity? The most popular new age religions. Sexual abuse in the church. Should religious beliefs influence health matters? How do various religions oppress women? The political context of the global religions throughout time. How does agnosticism balance between atheism and various religions? Are we witnessing a new religion forming? Myths of creation through global religions. Topics on Health Effect of alcohol, Tabaco, and marijuana on a human body. Vaccination in the 21st  century. The most controversial issues of birth control. Alzheimer’s: ways of prevention. Euthanasia – an assisted suicide? How can research help cure AIDS? Are there effective ways to prevent cancer? How do fats positively affect human body and mind? Anorexia and obesity – two sides to one story. The importance of mental health. Topics on Social Issues How do social media influence interpersonal communication? How can team sports affect social abilities? LGBT tolerance around the world. Global citizenship: pros and cons. How to deal with social anxiety? How can one defend privacy issues on Facebook and other social media? How to stop bullying in schools? Discrimination of the black women in modern day America. Ethnicities that created the USA. Gender stereotypes in the workplace. Topics on Education How to achieve literacy for all? Is it worth it to go into a huge debt to achieve higher education in the USA? How can the government make teacher’s profession become more appealing? How can we modernize education to make it more appealing? How does dress code in schools discriminate women? What are advantages and disadvantages of homeschooling? Is present educational system capable of creating geniuses? The importance of multilingual education. Guns in school. How to achieve safe environment. Do grades do justice to students’ knowledge? Topics on Popular Culture The best music projects of 2016. How do reality shows influence teenagers? Do celebrities form a specific cast in today’s world? How much do people depend on heroes?  Marvel and DC Cinematic Universes. How do American and Japanese popular cultures intertwine with each other? Sexism and ageism in modern Hollywood. Do shows like  American Idol,  the Voice, and  X-factor  really aim to find and develop talents? The female role in the world according to Beyonces Lemonade. How did YouTube change popular culture? The meaning of the  Harry Potter Book Series  in promoting reading. Still lost? Download a Comprehensive Research Paper Guide completely FREE. It consists of 7 simple steps that can lead you to a perfect paper. We based it on analysis of 1000+ student’s papers, ordered by customers Get it now Interesting and Funny Research Paper Topics You may also want to base your research paper on something interesting or funny, which is not new. However, how you do it should set apart your skills and writing prowess from that of other students. Here is a list of funny research paper topics to choose from: What if sword-swallowers ate the swords’ knuÃ' kles? Pop Art and Lady Gaga Erasing bad memories and keeping good ones. Cocaine and its effects on bees. Explore the possibility of Unicorns. Is country music causing suicidal tendencies? Sex, love, and robots. Self-defense using flatulence. Do woodpeckers ever suffer from headaches? Theft and ethical concerns. Which breaks a human skull better: full or empty beer bottles? Is alien abduction real? Has it ever taken place? Which is heavier: a pound of lead or feathers? Effects of water on breakfast cereal. Does wet underwear make people feel colder in winter? Chicken feathers: Can they help determine the speed of tornados? Is farting relieving? Do falling coconuts pose a threat to people nearby? Do not be afraid to conduct a thorough research. To write a good research paper you need to be confident in your argument. Make the use of the suggested research paper topic ideas and you will be successful. If you are still asking yourself who can write my research paper? is the right place to be. Psst. Theres also a more relaxed way  

Importance of Third Parties essays

Importance of Third Parties essays Though the candidates of the third party have little to no chance of winning a presidential election, they are of great importance when it comes to which of the standard two parties, Democratic and Republican, will win the election. Several factors come into place for a third party to influence an election, such as: popularity of candidate, stance on issues, strong division between Democratic and Republican candidates, economy, and even war. The candidates of a third party run based on their belief of issues, not on chances of winning. These men, and possibly women, run for presidency as to express their beliefs and voice their opinions to the American people. The issues of several third parties have been introduced into not only our political but also our social lives. There are several examples of this prominent in our countrys history. The most dominant of these issues is womens suffrage. Beginning in the 1800s, both the Prohibition and the Socialist Parties began a push toward not only the right of women to vote but also the equality of women. Womens suffrage, later adopted by both the Republicans and the Democrats, has now been established due to the 19th Amendment. The Income Tax is also a direct result of the issues of the Populist and Socialist Parties. Beginning in the 1890s both parties began the pursuit of a progressive taxation, which would eventually be established, with the ratification of the 16th Amendment. Several other key issues include social security, immigration restriction, and even child labor laws. With such important influences on American society, it is easy to distinguish that the third party is vital to the American culture without even looking at their importance within the electoral process. Over much of American history, especially more modern history, elections have exhibited the use of the two-party system. A two-party system is one in which only two parties hav...

St.Paul's and St.Peter's Baroque Styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

St.Paul's and St.Peter's Baroque Styles - Essay Example It is worth noting the significance of the two church buildings: St.Peter’s Basilica is the seat of the papacy, while St. Paul’s Cathedral is the Anglican’s biggest cathedral and one of the most recognizable sights in the City of London (Murray, 1970). As such, St.Peter’s Basilica reflects the Roman Catholic aspirations while St. Paul’s Cathedral is a manifestation of the Protestants’ authority. Brigg and Martin (1967) explain that in the 17th Century the Roman Catholic church fought off the encroachment by protestant reformation; The society of Jesus(Jesuits), making it their duty to defend the ways of the church against what they considered to be protestant attacks. In order to fully highlight the variations in Baroque style across Europe and with St. Paul’s and St.Peter’s as the case-studies, it is imperative to identify the design constants and unique features that identified Baroque Art and Architecture. Both Zirpolo (2008 ) and Summerson (1964) found that Baroque Architecture manifested the following salient features: (1) Use of undulating motifs in interior and exterior spaces - even columns was designed to undulate. (2) Distinctive use of vaults arches and buttresses - Churches were characterized with vaulted ceilings. (3) Flamboyant use of sculptures, statues and paintings in spaces. (4) A faà §ade characterized by a prominent dome, and an interior marked with a grand nave, and (5) Stylish exploitation of the play of light in interior spaces. It is these distinctive features. that the author will use as parameters to gauge the regional variations in the architecture of both St. Peter’s Basilica and St. Paul’s Cathedral. However, both churches have their own unique elements that might not be present in the other. For instance, St.Peter has a unique Baldachin below the dome. A major cause

Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Problem question - Essay Example The essay starts by defining criminal law as well as explaining the factors that constitute a crime of such magnitude. The body of the essay will develop through identification of specific crimes in relation to the given scenario involving Ahmed and Blanche in a bid to establish if there is any criminal liability. According to the online HG.org worldwide directories (http://www.hg.org/crime.html), â€Å"criminal law which is often called penal law, involves prosecution by the government of a person for an act that has been classified as a crime.† On the other hand, a crime is further defined as, â€Å"any act or (commission of an act) in violation of a public law forbidding it.† Thus, criminal law forms part of public law. Every citizen of a state has certain duties towards the state and in the interest of the society as a whole, the state prescribes certain norms of conduct that bind all members of the state upon which it has a jurisdiction to punish a person who trans gresses against these (Kleyn & Viljoen 2002). Thus, the persons who commit crime can be prosecuted in a criminal court and punished if found guilty. The punishment will be determined by the level of crime against the accused once convicted of a crime. It must be proved beyond any reasonable doubt that somebody has committed a crime and some facts have been recognised as crimes for many centuries and these mainly emanated from common law and they include but are not limited to the following: murder, robbery, shoplifting, rape, assault, arson as well as bribery among others (Anderson, Dodd & Roos 2003). Where there has been a commission of crimes of such magnitude, it is the state versus the accused whereby the state will initiate the prosecution whereby punishment will be effected once a person has been convicted of a crime. 1 The aim is to prevent further occurrence of similar crimes, punish the offender, rehabilitate and reform the offender as well as to protect the interests of th e society. Criminal law is often considered as the most effective technique that can be used to combat certain wrongful acts of conduct according to the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy. It is thus seen as an effective way of dealing with certain conducts which are deemed wrongful and violate the prescribed norms in society. In the given case involving Ahmed, the facts are: Ahmed, a diabetic, has left his wife, Blanche, and his son, Calum, for Diva who has given birth to his daughter, Elaine but for two years Blanche who has suffered at Ahmed’s humiliating and violent treatment. It is after Blanche sets alight the flat where Diva and Elaine are killed and Ahmed is overcome with grief, forgets to take his insulin and, before the police arrest Blanche, takes his gun and returns to the former matrimonial home. Indeed, when Blanche opens the door, Ahmed fires at her but misses and kills Calum instead. In this regard, it can be noted that specific crimes are punishable because they threaten the interests of the individuals and society as a whole. It is the duty of the state to ensure that these interests are protected. There are specifically four different groups of crime that can be identified as criminal and these include crimes against: another person, against community mores, against the interest of the state and against another person’s property. (Kleyn & Viljoen 2002). The most serious crime against another’

Multinational Corporation Now and Then Research Paper

Multinational Corporation Now and Then - Research Paper Example A virtual team is therefore hard to manage because it sorts out things on its own. In fact, what is deemed as pivotal here is to have a better know-how of the headquarters which is leading the virtual team in the first place. The results have to be drawn up in such a way that there is a win-win relationship for both these parties. From an economic stance, it means that the funds are being allocated in the right direction as far as understanding the team progress realms are concerned. This is an important consideration because the economic implications suggest a great deal, and more so within the aegis of the MNCs today and in the times to come (Patnaik, 2011). Within the political sphere, this would mean that the team progress is being supervised by the most appropriate people possible. It will make sure that the concerned authorities would know beforehand how to get the job done and then measure and monitor the progress accordingly. This is something that decides the basis of the MN Cs in the present day and age and it will get more competitive in the times to follow. Monitoring the team progress by making use of technology is conducive for the Multinational Corporation (MNC) today and even tomorrow. This is because it allows the team to be consistently kept a check upon from a political, economic and technological stance. It has helped shape up the different dimensions of the business of a MNC by making use of varied pointers which assist in understanding the strengths and opportunities that lie within the team and which shall solve the quandaries of the organization in the long run (Briggs, 2011). This has been the case within most of the renowned businesses and MNCs of today and it will continue to be like this in the coming times as well. Monitoring the team progress is always a Herculean task but then again it has to start off from somewhere in entirety. When team progress is monitored using technology, this means that many a tasks are being handled proper ly. This also implies that the team progress knows where it is being headed, i.e. in the right direction. What is even more interesting to note is that the people responsible for making sure that the team progress remains supreme are the ones who remain answerable for all these tasks in the first place. The environment within the MNCs of today is such that there is a lot of competition for giving in the best possible efforts and hence the reason that team progress remains a much desired proposition. Also what is most significant under such domains is how well the team progress has been measured (Martins, 2011). If this team progress is understood to be the best possible yardstick for finding out future possibilities, then it would mean that the organization is doing something worthwhile and indeed the monitoring is being carried out in the most apt manner possible. Seldom are a few issues cropping up which destroy the basis of finding out the team progress and these need to be check ed upon time and again. There is a dire need to understand the basics behind evaluating and monitoring the team progress because it is the force upon which the sanity of the organizations rest upon. In essence, monitoring the team progress is fundamental towards understanding the dynamics of the MNCs.

Project Procurement And Pre Tender Method Statement Construction Essay

Project Procurement And Pre Tender Method Statement Construction Essay Contract procurement has an impact on project performance in terms of costs, time and quality. During one of the briefing meetings at the pre-tender stage of a construction project, your Director has interest in collaborative procurement method and need your advice. In addition, your Director has multiple sites going on at the same time and therefore many site offices. Critically explain why collaborative procurement would be beneficial between the site offices to your Director. Masterman, (2002) defined a procurement system as, the organizational structure adopted by the client for the implementation, and at times eventual operation, of a project. While Love (1998) adopted the definition such that, It is an organizational system that assigns specific responsibilities and authorities to people and organizations, and defines the relationships of the various elements in the construction of a project. There has been an increasing recognition that the conventional (traditional) approach to contract procurement is inadequate (Rowlinson, S. 1999). However, it has been noted that there are still relatively few procurement systems for clients to choose from. Each procurement system that is available delivers project success to a variable degree (Bowen, 1997). In todays context, it can be seen that clients satisfaction is seen to be largely dependent on the selection of the most appropriate procurement methodology, and failure to select an appropriate procurement approach is recognized as a primary cause of a project failure (Masterman, 1996). However, which procurement route to undertake for a particular project be it building or infrastructure works depends on the objective and requirements in terms of its functionality, cost, time and quality set by the client. While the selection of an appropriate procurement system in an essential part of the building process, it is unlikely that an ideal procurement system that satisfies is all criteria will be available to ensure success (Winter, 2005). There are many factors that influence the project performance and contract procurement certainly has an impact on costs, time and quality. However the procurement system will influence whether the project will be a separated procurement system (traditional), integrated procurement system (design build and its variant), management oriented system (management contracting, construction management), or collaborative arrangement (partnering, Early contractor Involvement, ECI, e-tender). Figure 1 below shows the various forms of procurement systems. CLIENT Experience/inexperience PROJECT MANAGEMENT TEAM OPTIONS In-house/external/in-house external PROCUREMENT TYPES Separated/ (2) integrated/ (3) management oriented/ (4) collaborative Separated Single-stage/sequential Two-stage/accelerated (2) Integrated Direct design Build Competitive design build Develop construct Turnkey BOT (3) Management Oreinted Management contracting Construction management Deep Marine (4) Collaborative E-procurement Parterning ECI The various procurement options available reflect the fundamental differences in the allocation of risk and responsibility to match the characteristics of different projects and client needs (Winter, 2005). When client select the type of procurement system to be use, strategic consideration must be considered especially at the stage on deciding whether to appoint a designer (architect/engineer), integrator (contractor), manager (project manager) or a group of all 3 working collaboratively. Under this approach the client can use any of the systems from any of the other categories either singly or in combination, or even a bespoke system of his/her own making but with the choosen systems(s) being implemented within a specific setting controlled by the client. Collaborative arrangement (Partnering) as required by the director has some benefits especially for multiple sites and with many site offices running at the same time. The benefits of time, cost and quality is explained below. Benefits of time: several studies have indicated that by using the partnering approach the largest benefit is from the design and management processes were the flow of information between all parties helps to reduce the design times as designers and contractor understand and are more efficient in working together. It allows for faster project times as the selection process is eliminated which can be costly and time consuming. The project can have an early start on site, shorter construction times and lower risk of time overruns. However, using strategic partnering is more beneficial as it can achieve a 50% time saving it firms use the correct management procedures. Benefit to Costs. As partnering assures certainly in the projects in terms of design and construction results in fewer cost overruns, reduce claims and litigations and the project cost also reduced. This is one of the important part of the project where saving some of the cost can add value to other important works that may be required at the end of the project. Benefits to quality: Partnering can certainly improve the quality standards in building and there are indications that as a result, there are reduced number of defects, hence less rework is required. This is again another important aspect of the project where quality standard not only maintain but improved. Effective partnering relationships will also benefits from the RD and innovative thinking which assist to improve productivity and quality. TASK 2: As part of the pre-tender process for a contract bid document, for multi-storey building projects for various sites, you are required to write a pre-tender method statement. Prepare a pre-tender method statement that you will submit with your bid document. Pre-tender method statement is one of the important parts in the pre-tender process. Method statement is a document detailing how a particular task or activity will be carried out. Its detail the particular risk or danger associated with the particular parts of the project. However an assessment of construction methods to be considered during the tendering is required. The objectives of preparing a method statement are as follows: To enable managerial experience to be called upon during estimating, a demand is created for information relative to performance. Managers find it is necessary to record resources, quantities and time in order to contribute. To enable data concerning new construction techniques and methods of handling materials to be included in an estimate. The method statement may be developed from work study data and planning cycles prepared for an alternative plant and labour situation. To permit the plant requirements for a project to be summarized for inclusion in the contract preliminaries or plant schedule. To ensure the output and duration of different methods and machines is realistically matched. To give guidance to the estimator on specific on specific bill of items relating to plant and labour requirement in order that realistic rates may be built up. In this case study, a pre-tender method statement is to be prepared as part of the pre-tender process for a contract bid document for multi-storey building projects for various sites. Various formats for method statement can be used; like a pre-printed standard format that has been designed for repetitive works for familiar design such as in this case-study. Information that is required on method statement includes the operation or work stage. Each operation requiring analysis of plant or method should be listed in the method statement, for example excavation work, formwork, concrete handling and placing, choice of plant for lifting precast floors or erecting steelwork. Quality of work is also required where this is directly affect methods of construction, number of man-powers and machineries. Realistic methods of construction together with constructive alternative and sequencing of operations should be outlined clearly. The summary of plant will assist in the preparation of the preliminaries plant element where an example is tabulated in the table below. S/No Operation Quantity method Sequence of operations Plant and labor output duration 1 Excavate over-site to reduce levels and remove to tip 70 x 100 x (ave.) 450mm = 3150 m2 Excavate using hydraulic power shovels. Load excavated material direct into 8 cubic metre capacity lorries cart away to top Alternative Excavate using hydraulic backactor, track mounted 360 deg slewing machine laoading direct into lorries hymac 580 or similar Site strip to commence after taking initial grid of levels DITTO 1 banksman Cat. 951 crawler tractor 4 lorries 1 banksman 40 m3/hr 35 m3/hr 3150/40 = 79 man-hr 90 man-hr 2 Excavate pad and strip foundations 300 mm of strip foundation bases say 200m3 Excavate shallow foundations using Rymac 580 as before and load direct into lorries On stripping factory areas the excavation work to the factory area commence 1 banksman 1 Hymac 2 lorries 3 Concrete strip and pad foundations 100m3 ready mixed concrete Ready mixed concrete to be discharged direct into foundations. Site access via hardcored formation On fixing of bolt boxes to 6 pad foundations, concrete work may commence 3 labourers 1 day/ 4 to 6 bases 4 Erect steelwork and roof cladding N/S/C Contractor to prepare central area of floor slap with oversite hardcore for crane during erecation Bases to be checked by steel-work contractor, prior to erection and leveling of bases to receive steelwork bases on one bay of portal to be complete prior to erection of steelwork. N/S/C 10 days The content and description of the pre-tender method statement for the proposed construction of multi-storey building is outlined below. Introduction This method statement is prepared for the construction of propose multi-storey building project located at the site location indicated in site map. Before any work is commenced, the contractor shall confirm in writing to the engineers that the relevant site and survey works is true and accurate record of the condition of all properties, lands and crops inspected. The contractor shall clear the whole area with the boundary lines as shown in the drawing and shall exercise care and attention to ensure all the clearing activities and operation is confined with the boundaries and no damage is caused to any property or vegetation outside the boundary. Site establishment Where appropriate, the engineer shall arrange surveys to be carried out, in conjunction with the contractor and owner of the land, of all the condition of all properties, lands and crops which may be affected by the works. The sites includes the work areas and borrows areas, if any, indicated on the drawings and includes such other areas of roads, footpaths and lands which, in the opinion of the engineer, are necessary for the execution of the works. The contractors shall confine his constructional operations within the site, or such other areas of land as may be negotiated, and shall instruct his employees not to tre-pass. Site accommodation The contractor is to provide offices for the exclusive use of the Resident engineer. The location shall be determined by the contractor within the contract area and agreed by the supervising officer. Provide and maintain water, lighting and power supply and pay all the charges in connection therewith. The contractor also shall provide and maintain all necessary sheds and stores and remove the same from the site on completion of the works. Site access The contractor shall comply in all respects with all local road traffic regulations concerning the road site access, the warning light and guarding of the road works. The contractor shall construct and maintain diversion ways wherever the works will interfere with the existing roads, footways or other ways over which there is a public or private right of way. Before any work in or affecting the use of site access and main road is commenced, the contractors proposal method of working shall be agreed with, and confirmed in writing to, the engineer and the highway and police authorities. Materials and distribution Unless specified to the contrary, all material shall be in accordance with the relevant British Standard (BS) and Code of Practices (CP). Should alternative requirement be provided by a BS and no one alternative be specified elsewhere in the contract, then before proceeding to execute the works or to order materials, the contractor shall give notice requesting further specification of such matter. The contractor shall submit list of suppliers from whom he propose to purchase the material for the execution of the work. If required by the engineer, the contractor shall submit to the engineer test certificates and samples furnished by the supplier or manufacturer of any material or article indicating compliance with the requirement of the contract. Materials shall store in the manner as to preserve their quality and condition to the standards required by the contract. Sub-structure works The contractor shall carried out all sub-structure works including earth work in such manner as to prevent erosion or slips, and limit working faces to safe slopes and height, and shall ensure that all surfaces have at all times sufficient gradient to enable them to shed water without causing erosion and to prevent ponding. The contractor shall provide and maintain all necessary temporary access roads and temporary drainage and shall divert and reinstate permanent drainage system. The purposed alignments and levels of temporary access roads shall be submitted to the engineer for approval prior to their construction. Super structure All super structure works such as ground beams, flooring and roof trusses shall be constructed in accordance to the design given by the engineer. The contractor shall supply and install all open mesh and steel plate flooring and structural members necessary for the support of flooring, walkways, staircases, hand railing, ladders etc. shown in the drawing unless otherwise stated. External envelope Before interfering with access to any property, the contractor shall provide satisfactory alternative arrangements. The contractor shall take necessary precautions to avoid causing any damage to roads, lands properties, trees and other features and during the currency of the contract, shall deal promptly with any complaints by owners or occupiers. Mechanical and electrical services The tenderer shall allow in his tender for providing a suitably qualified engineer with at least ten years working experience on similar installation to coordinate the civil, mechanical and electrical details and to advise the engineer of any changes. The specification covers, but is not necessary restricted to, the provision of an electrical supply, instrumentation, lighting and power for the complete works. This include construction, performances, installation and testing of electrical equipment such as electrical ducting, opening pockets, cable wiring, transformer cables, and termination etc. for both works on the site of the proposed new power supply to the building. Overall working program The contractor shall provide the overall working program of the construction activities and to keep updating and reviewing for time to time the progress of the works, including the financial status, the material, manpower and other related works. Where required by the contract, the contractor shall provide record progress photographs taken as and what directed by the engineer. Health, safety and welfare of work people The contractor shall be responsible for the safety of all persons engaged in the execution of the work and shall take such safety precautions as are generally accepted as good civil engineering practice, including the provision of first aid equipment and personal trained in its use. The contractor shall appoint a safety officer who is responsible for safety inspection at the construction site.

Chapter 2, -The Great Gatsby- -Dying society- Essay -- English Liter

Chapter 2, -The Great Gatsby- -Dying society- Fitzgerald presents in this novel upper-class people, who live in the world of dreams. He tries to describe the life of milliners, who spends enormous amount of money on drugs, parties, alcohol and other luxury things. In this chapter the writer clearly shows us that America in 20th was dying, there was no truth, no love and no real relationships, and everything was based on how much money each American had. All America had just people who were obsessed with appearance.  «a small living room with a set of tapestried furniture entirely large for it » Even this description of a flat where the party goes on is a significance of a bad taste and showing off. What people could see is only glamorous dresses and costumes. The business which was attractive to anyone was gangster business. It was nearly admirable. America wanted quick money to be made. â€Å"Most of these fellas will cheat on you every time. All they think of is money† Fitzgerald used an oxymoron in his play to show that the country on its surface is growing but in the heart of it is dying, which he calls: â€Å"a valley of ashes, a desolate area of land†. Also the writer suggested that America is leaving without any colour, people houses gardens relationships are under nasty, coverless surface† a fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens†. The writer gave very specific image to all his characters, they were full of energy, but this energy didn’t suppose to last for a long time. People in the novel are described as: faintly handsome/ beautiful, spiritless anaemic with an ambitious character. Most of them behave as children, they are hedonists. They only thin... ...th or not. The main idea of gossiping was to seem that you know more and therefore people will communicate with you more than with others. â€Å"Well, they say he’s (Gatsby) a nephew or a cousin of Kaiser Wilhelm. That’s where all his money comes from†. The relationships between people were very strange. Either very cold to each other or people just didn’t go so deep into person to know him better. The idea of dying society was presented by Fitzgerald in a way that people were careless with each other, with themselves and of course with the country which they were destroying absolutely. The society didn’t have any moral points in life. Those party’s at Gatsby’s house were just a surface of life were Fitzwilliam shows his own antipathy towards America in 20th. America was like a huge tree which didn’t have enough water and was losing its colours and leaves.